ﻛﻼﻭﺩﻳﻮﺱ ﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤﻮس
ﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ
ﻛﻼﻭﺩﻳﻮﺱ ﺑﺘﻮﻟﻴﻤﺎﻳﻮﺱ (ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ 83 – 161 ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ) ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ κλαύδιος"
πτολεμα ῖ ος " ، ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ "ﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤﻮﺱ " ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ " ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ
ﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤﻮﺱ " ، ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻠﻚ ﻭﻣﻨﺠﻢ . ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ
ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘﻪ، ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﺟﺢ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ [1 ] [ 2 ] [3 ] [ 4 ] ﻓﻲ
ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﺮﺟﺢ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ [2 ] [ 5 ] ، ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ
ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻔﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ
[ 6 ] ، ﺗﻮﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ 161 ﻡ . [7 ]
ﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤﻮﺱ ﻫﻮ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ، ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ
ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ . ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﻪ
ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴﻄﻲ ( ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻪ η μεγάλη σύνταξις
" ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ (" ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻦ ﺇﺳﺤﺎﻕ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻘﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ " ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴﻄﻲ " ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﺀ . ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ
ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻴﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ - ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ . ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺗﻴﺘﺮﺍﺑﻴﺒﻠﻮﺱ ")ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ
ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ (" ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﻠﺴﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮﻩ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ .
ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺘﺎﻥ
ﻭﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺭﺍﺳﻤﻮ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪﻭﺍ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ 1300 ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ
ﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤﻮﺱ ﻭﺧﻄﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺡ ﺃﻣﻴﺮﻳﺠﻮ ﻓﺴﺒﻮﺗﺸﻲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺣﻼﺗﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ .
ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ
.1 ^ George Sarton (1936). "The Unity and Diversity of
the Mediterranean World", Osiris 2 , p. 406-463 [429 ] .
.2 ^ ﺃ ﺏ Victor J. Katz (1998). A History of Mathematics:
An Introduction , p. 184. Addison Wesley, ISBN
0-321-01618-1 .
.3 ^ John Horace Parry (1981). The Age of
Reconnaissance , p. 10. University of California Press .
ISBN 0-520-04235-2 .
.4 ^ Martin Bernal (1992). "Animadversions on the
Origins of Western Science", Isis 83 (4), p. 596-607 [602,
606 ] .
.5 ^ Enc. Britannica 2007, "Claudius Ptolemaeus "
.6 ^ J. F. Weidler (1741). Historia astronomiae , p. 177.
Wittenberg: Gottlieb. (cf. Martin Bernal (1992).
"Animadversions on the Origins of Western Science", Isis
83 (4), p. 596-607 [606 ] . )
.7 ^ Jean Claude Pecker (2001), Understanding the
Heavens: Thirty Centuries of Astronomical Ideas from
Ancient Thinking to Modern Cosmology, p. 311, Springer,
ISBN 3-540-63198-4 .
ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ
ﺍﻗﺮﺃ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﻼﻭﺩﻳﻮﺱ ﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤﻮﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ .
ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻣﻨﺰ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻭﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ : Ptolemy
Flash animation of Ptolemy's universe. (best in
Internet Explorer )
Ptolemy at SkyScript - The Life and Work of Ptolemy
Alexander Jones, "Ptolemy and his Geography "
Ptolemy biography (Bill Arnett's site )
Ptolemy's Geography - Selected problems of
Ptolemy's Geography (currently in German )
Ptolemy's Geography of Northwestern Europe
History of Cartography including a discussion of the
Geographica
Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy): Representation,
Understanding, and Mathematical Labeling of the
Spherical Earth
Literature about the Geography (Geographike
Hyphegesis) of Claudius Ptolemy
ﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ
ﻛﻼﻭﺩﻳﻮﺱ ﺑﺘﻮﻟﻴﻤﺎﻳﻮﺱ (ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ 83 – 161 ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ) ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ κλαύδιος"
πτολεμα ῖ ος " ، ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ "ﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤﻮﺱ " ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ " ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ
ﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤﻮﺱ " ، ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻠﻚ ﻭﻣﻨﺠﻢ . ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ
ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘﻪ، ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﺟﺢ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ [1 ] [ 2 ] [3 ] [ 4 ] ﻓﻲ
ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﺮﺟﺢ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ [2 ] [ 5 ] ، ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ
ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻔﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ
[ 6 ] ، ﺗﻮﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ 161 ﻡ . [7 ]
ﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤﻮﺱ ﻫﻮ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ، ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ
ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ . ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﻪ
ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴﻄﻲ ( ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻪ η μεγάλη σύνταξις
" ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ (" ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻦ ﺇﺳﺤﺎﻕ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻘﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ " ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴﻄﻲ " ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﺀ . ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ
ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻴﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ - ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ . ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺗﻴﺘﺮﺍﺑﻴﺒﻠﻮﺱ ")ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ
ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ (" ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﻠﺴﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮﻩ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ .
ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺘﺎﻥ
ﻭﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺭﺍﺳﻤﻮ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪﻭﺍ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ 1300 ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ
ﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤﻮﺱ ﻭﺧﻄﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺡ ﺃﻣﻴﺮﻳﺠﻮ ﻓﺴﺒﻮﺗﺸﻲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺣﻼﺗﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ .
ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ
.1 ^ George Sarton (1936). "The Unity and Diversity of
the Mediterranean World", Osiris 2 , p. 406-463 [429 ] .
.2 ^ ﺃ ﺏ Victor J. Katz (1998). A History of Mathematics:
An Introduction , p. 184. Addison Wesley, ISBN
0-321-01618-1 .
.3 ^ John Horace Parry (1981). The Age of
Reconnaissance , p. 10. University of California Press .
ISBN 0-520-04235-2 .
.4 ^ Martin Bernal (1992). "Animadversions on the
Origins of Western Science", Isis 83 (4), p. 596-607 [602,
606 ] .
.5 ^ Enc. Britannica 2007, "Claudius Ptolemaeus "
.6 ^ J. F. Weidler (1741). Historia astronomiae , p. 177.
Wittenberg: Gottlieb. (cf. Martin Bernal (1992).
"Animadversions on the Origins of Western Science", Isis
83 (4), p. 596-607 [606 ] . )
.7 ^ Jean Claude Pecker (2001), Understanding the
Heavens: Thirty Centuries of Astronomical Ideas from
Ancient Thinking to Modern Cosmology, p. 311, Springer,
ISBN 3-540-63198-4 .
ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ
ﺍﻗﺮﺃ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﻼﻭﺩﻳﻮﺱ ﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤﻮﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ .
ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻣﻨﺰ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻭﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ : Ptolemy
Flash animation of Ptolemy's universe. (best in
Internet Explorer )
Ptolemy at SkyScript - The Life and Work of Ptolemy
Alexander Jones, "Ptolemy and his Geography "
Ptolemy biography (Bill Arnett's site )
Ptolemy's Geography - Selected problems of
Ptolemy's Geography (currently in German )
Ptolemy's Geography of Northwestern Europe
History of Cartography including a discussion of the
Geographica
Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy): Representation,
Understanding, and Mathematical Labeling of the
Spherical Earth
Literature about the Geography (Geographike
Hyphegesis) of Claudius Ptolemy
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